Chinese black tea, also known as "hong cha" in Mandarin, represents one of the six major categories of Chinese tea. Its history dates back over four centuries, originating during the Qing Dynasty when it was first produced in Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province. Unlike its green tea counterpart, which is unfermented, black tea undergoes full oxidation, resulting in its characteristic dark color and robust flavor profile.
There are several varieties of Chinese black tea, each with distinct characteristics influenced by the region's climate, soil, and cultivation practices. Some of the most renowned types include Keemun, named after the Qimen County in Anhui Province; Yunnan Dian Hong from Yunnan Province; and Lapsang Souchong, famous for its smoky flavor due to being smoke-dried over pinewood fires.
The production process of Chinese black tea involves several meticulous steps: withering, rolling, oxidation, drying, sorting, and grading. Firstly, freshly picked leaves are spread out to wither under the sun or indoors until they become soft and pliable. Then, they are rolled to break down cell walls and release enzymes necessary for oxidation. During the oxidation stage, the leaves are left to ferment until they turn a deep copper color. Afterward, they are dried to reduce moisture content and develop their final flavor. Finally, the tea is sorted and graded according to leaf size and quality.
Tasting Chinese black tea is an art form that requires attention to detail and practice. To fully appreciate its complexity, one should use a transparent glass or a white porcelain cup to observe the tea's color and clarity. The aroma can be assessed by bringing the cup close to the nose and inhaling deeply before taking small sips to savor the taste. The liquor's texture and mouthfeel are also important aspects to consider. High-quality black tea should have a smooth, velvety texture without any astringency or bitterness. Additionally, the aftertaste should be long-lasting and pleasant, leaving a sweet or fruity finish on the palate.
In conclusion, Chinese black tea offers a rich heritage and a diverse range of flavors that continue to captivate tea enthusiasts worldwide. Whether enjoyed as a comforting beverage or as part of a formal tea ceremony, this iconic Chinese tea provides a window into the country's cultural traditions and craftsmanship.